In The End of Astronauts: Why Robots Are the Future of Exploration, they challenge the three most commonly cited rationales for putting humans in space ... As scientists, the authors don’t have much patience for arguments based on vague impulses. They are cool to the idea that colonizing space has much intrinsic value to humanity, at least in the near term ... At its heart, The End of Astronauts is an argument about return on investment: For the cost of a single human expedition to Mars, the authors point out, NASA could launch dozens of uncrewed missions ... In all, their book is a readable and useful contribution to this longstanding debate ... But, while The End of Astronauts makes compelling arguments, the authors mostly focus on a single type of space exploration: missions conducted by large government agencies. As anyone who has heard the name 'Elon Musk' knows, that model now faces free-market competition ... The End of Astronauts doesn’t fully address NASA’s dysfunction ... In the days when budgets for space exploration were strictly limited by what taxpayers would bear, it made sense to intensely focus on getting the biggest scientific bang for our federal buck. The End of Astronauts makes a solid case that robots win that debate almost every time.
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